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- $Unique_ID{BRK03410}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Achalasia}
- $Subject{Achalasia Cardiospasm Dyssynergia Esophagus Esophageal Aperistalsis
- Megaesophagus Gastroesophageal Reflux Hiatal Hernia}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 118:
- Achalasia
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Achalasia) is not the
- name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate
- name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Cardiospasm
- Dyssynergia Esophagus
- Esophageal Aperistalsis
- Megaesophagus
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Gastroesophageal Reflux
- Hiatal Hernia
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus characterized by the
- abnormal enlargement of the esophagus, impairment of the ability of the
- esophagus to push food down toward the stomach (peristalsis), and the failure
- of the ring-shaped muscle (sphincter) at the bottom of the esophagus to
- relax.
-
- Symptoms
-
- The symptoms of Achalasia typically appear gradually. People with this
- disorder may initially experience an impairment in the ability to swallow
- (dysphagia). Early symptoms of this disorder may include mild pain in the
- chest that comes and goes. Others may experience pain that is overwhelming
- and agonizing. The contents of the stomach may be brought up (regurgitated)
- or be propelled into the lungs while breathing (tracheobronchial aspiration).
- Regurgitation of stomach contents is reported in approximately one-third of
- people with Achalasia. Other symptoms of this disorder may include a cough
- during the night and significant weight loss in cases that remain untreated.
-
- The aspiration of stomach contents in people with Achalasia may cause
- pneumonia and other pulmonary infections. Cancer of the esophagus may occur
- in approximately 5 percent of cases of Achalasia.
-
- X-ray examination (radiology) is frequently useful in the diagnosis of
- Achalasia. Radiological examination, especially with the use of barium, may
- show enlargement (dilation) of the esophagus and the retention of food and
- secretions within the esophagus. Devices that measure fluid pressure
- (manometric examination) within the esophagus may also be useful in the
- diagnosis of this disorder. Stimulation of the esophagus with drugs or
- examination with an illuminated optic instrument (endoscopy) are not advised
- when Achalasia is suspected.
-
- Causes
-
- The exact cause of Achalasia is not known. The condition may be caused by
- degeneration of a group of nerves located in the chest (Auerbach's plexus).
-
- It has been suggested that in some cases, Achalasia may be inherited as
- an autosomal recessive genetic trait. Human traits, including the classic
- genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one
- received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the
- condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene
- for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one
- gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but
- usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the
- children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is
- twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but
- healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will
- receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically
- normal.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Achalasia is a rare disorder that typically affects adults between the ages
- of 20 and 40 years. However, this disorder may occur at any age. Achalasia
- affects males and females in equal numbers except in those cases that are
- thought to be inherited. In familial cases of Achalasia, males are twice as
- likely as females to be diagnosed with this disorder.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Achalasia.
- Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Gastroesophageal Reflux is a common gastrointestinal disorder
- characterized by the backward flow of the contents of the stomach and/or the
- small intestine into the mouth. The most common symptom of this disorder is
- a sensation of warmth or burning in the chest and/or neck area. This usually
- occurs at night. Patients may complain of wheezing at night, hoarseness, and
- a need to clear the throat repeatedly. There may also be a sensation of deep
- pressure at the base of the neck. (For more information on this disorder,
- choose "Gastroesophageal Reflux" as your search term in the Rare Disease
- Database.)
-
- Hiatal Hernia is a very common digestive disorder. Symptoms may include
- a flow back (reflux) of stomach contents into the esophagus (gastroesophageal
- reflux), pain and a burning sensation in the throat. The opening in the
- diaphragm becomes weakened and stretched, allowing a portion of the stomach
- to bulge through into the chest cavity. This disorder can easily be
- diagnosed through testing by a radiologist.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- The treatment of Achalasia is aimed at removing obstructions caused by the
- failure of the lower esophageal sphincter muscle to relax. This may be done
- with the administration of drugs, physical enlargement (manual dilation) of
- the sphincter muscle, or through surgery.
-
- The drug isosorbide, (a long-acting nitrate) or nifedipine (a calcium
- channel blocker) may provide some relief for people with Achalasia.
-
- Approximately 85 percent of cases of Achalasia may be treated effectively
- by the enlargement of the lower esophageal sphincter muscle through a
- procedure known as balloon dilation. This is a complicated procedure. In
- some people, repeated dilations may be necessary to obtain relief of
- symptoms.
-
- Surgical treatment of Achalasia may be effective in approximately 85
- percent of cases. During this procedure, the muscle fibers in the lower
- esophageal sphincter are cut (Heller myotomy). About 15 percent of people
- with Achalasia experience the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux after this
- surgical procedure.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Please contact the agencies listed under the Resources section of this report
- for the most current information.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Achalasia, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
- Box NDDIC
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 468-2162
-
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive & Kidney Disease Information
- Clearinghouse
- Box NCID
- Bethesda MD 20892
- (301) 496-3583
-
- For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns
- Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 92-94.
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 643-646.
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL, 16th Ed.: Robert Berkow Ed.; Merck Research
- Laboratories, 1992. Pp. 747.
-
- BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief;
- Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 641.
-
- PRIMARY TREATMENT OF ESOPHAGEAL ACHALASIA. LONG-TERM RESULTS OF MYOTOMY
- AND DOR FUNDOPLICATION: L. Bonavina; Arch Surg (Feb. 1992; 127(2)). Pp. 222-
- 226.
-
- ACHALASIA: NEW THOUGHTS ON AN OLD DISEASE: C.M. Farr; J Clin Gastroenterol
- (Jul 1992; 15(1)). Pp. 2-4.
-
-